Physiology
Normal values are often difficult to find when needed in special cases. Most publications on physiological values are pretty old, so they are not easily accessible without major efforts. Astonishingly, nowadays physical papers and books slowly become extinct in respect to availability to clinicians. Papers not available online will not be cited anymore, and no one takes the time to go to a library to get a book. Hence we sought to provide some relevant information on normal values here, starting with the few we have...
Organ sizes
In certain situations the size of an organ can give a hint for a clinician, e.g. a difference between the left and right rein can sometimes give a hint for a chronic perfusion problem.
Arterial velocities
Normal arterial velocity ranges are sometimes helpful, but must always be handled with care. There are numerous pit falls one should avoid when interpreting such values. Nonetheless there are special cases where normal values might be of use.
Venous velocities
- Deep system
- Superficial veins
- Vena porta
- Arterio-venous fistulas